Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990s Essays - Womens Rights

Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990's Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the last century; however, gender equality has recently been threatened within the last decade. Blatantly sexist laws and practices are slowly being eliminated while social perceptions of "women's roles" continue to stagnate and even degrade back to traditional ideals. It is these social perceptions that challenge the evolution of women as equal on all levels. In this study, I will argue that subtle and blatant sexism continues to exist throughout educational, economic, professional and legal arenas. Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism as an oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between women's experiences in the nineties with Betty Friedan's, in her essay: The Way We Were - 1949. She dealt with a society that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregarded the needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women. Actually, the subtle message that society gave was that the educated woman was actually selfish and evil. I remember in particular the searing effect on me, who once intended to be a psychologist, of a story in McCall's in December 1949 called "A Weekend with Daddy." A little girl who lives a lonely life with her mother, divorced, an intellectual know-it-all psychologist, goes to the country to spend a weekend with her father and his new wife, who is wholesome, happy, and a good cook and gardener. And there is love and laughter and growing flowers and hot clams and a gourmet cheese omelet and square dancing, and she doesn't want to go home. But, pitying her poor mother typing away all by herself in the lonesome apartment, she keeps her guilty secret that from now on she will be living for the moments when she can escape to that dream home in the country where they know "what life is all about." (See Endnote #1) I have often consulted my grandparents about their experiences, and I find their historical perspective enlightening. My grandmother was pregnant with her third child in 1949. Her work experience included: interior design and modeling women's clothes for the Sears catalog. I asked her to read the Friedan essay and let me know if she felt as moved as I was, and to share with me her experiences of sexism. Her immediate reaction was to point out that "Betty Friedan was a college educated woman and she had certain goals that never interested me." My grandmother, though growing up during a time when women had few social rights, said she didn't experience oppressive sexism in her life. However, when she describes her life accomplishments, I feel she has spent most of her life fulfilling the expected roles of women instead of pursuing goals that were mostly reserved for men. Unknowingly, her life was controlled by traditional, sexist values prevalent in her time and still prevalent in the nineties. Twenty-four years after the above article from McCall's magazine was written, the Supreme Court decided whether women should have a right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)). I believe the decision was made in favor of women's rights mostly because the court made a progressive decision to consider the woman as a human who may be motivated by other things in life than just being a mother. Justice Blackmun delivered the following opinion: Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life and future. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxed by child care. There is also a distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable, psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, the additional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. (See Endnote #2) I feel the court decision of Roe v. Wade would not have been made in 1949. Even in 1973, it was a progressive decision. The problem of abortion has existed for the entire history of this country (and beyond), but had never been addressed

Education Quality

Education Quality Introduction As a human being, the most basic way to earn a living is through education. This is a fact that has been in existence right from the ancient days. Education is defined differently by different people. However, the goal of most students who undergo education is to lead future that is better and brighter.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Education: Quality based Vs. Exam based specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from education being a way through which people can attain a better standard of living, it should also be used to better the societal values. Since the society is ever changing, education is supposed to undergo necessary dynamism and reflect keep in pace with these modern life changes. Nevertheless, there are numerous schools that are still teaching their learners according to the old way, and this can be observed in the distinction between the western education and the eastern one. The difference is seen in terms of an education that is quality based and that which is exam based. As a China based student, both my elementary and high school education was exam-driven. This is similar to the Paulo Freire’s â€Å"Banking Concept of Education†. Eastern Learning What characterizes learning in China and the entire Asia is being able to excel in the many examinations. The only method of examining students is through the use of tests. Their performance is not based on their previous performance but upon passing the tests, they are regarded as having undergone learning. What teachers are concerned about is the fact that the learner has passed the exam. They are not bothered about how the learner got to pass it. This is the experience that Mike Rose shares by saying that he wants to be average since the teachers who were hardworking in education were a few. As a high school student, I found studying easier. This is because all I needed to do was review my w ork prior to exams. This made me to pass them quite well. The same applies to a good score of Asian learners who need to review their class work as criterion to excelling in their exams. This method encourages dishonesty among students. The way teaching is done, all the information is put on the chalkboard and hand outs. It is the students’ responsibility to internalize it. Teachers do everything in the normal classroom learning. For example, all Chemistry practicals are done by the Chemistry teacher. Students are just shown how the practicals are done for ease of remembering but are not allowed to do the practicals on their own. Most students end up remembering the theoretical aspect but not the practical part. Western Learning Since I came to the U.S for my college studies, I have come across remarkable differences between the American education and Asian’s. For instance, in the America college, students are not only supposed to work and study on their own, but are a lso supposed to pay close attention to every question since it may count a lot for the semester’s entire work.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This style of learning compels you to study on your own and work hard without depending on other extra help. As a Chinese student, I did all I could to be conversant to the school rules and yet I could not gain access to the so called best universities in China. One of the known facts about Chinese universities is that it is difficult to join them but very easy to leave. In China, you can spend your time in the university without doing anything meaningful and still graduate. In the US, it’s the exact opposite. Nevertheless, college is the best stepping stone towards the society and its changes. Whatever is learnt at this level, should not just be for memorizing, but should impart creativity and critical thinki ng to enable one deal with situations. Disciplinary issues There’s also a difference when it comes to disciplinary issues. In China, teachers consider discipline to be more serious than study. Learners are like prisoners since school rules should not be broken. Students are expected to be seated in class immediately after the alarm has rung. Anyone getting in late is liable for a punishment. The punishment all depends on the teacher’s mood. The teacher might decide to let you go, ask you to stand throughout the lesson or punish you after the class. At other times, the punishment can be in form of running round the school compound. Once in the class, students are not allowed to visit the rest rooms since doing so is considered as interfering with the progress of the class. While at elementary school, failing in home work and other tests was punitive. A student caught in such a mistake could be asked to copy down the right answer so many times for the purpose of memorizi ng. Although almost all the punishments were bearable, the worst one was being hit by the teacher. Such cases may not exist as of now, but during my elementary school days, it was real. Comparison between Eastern learning and the American working class schools What I went through can be likened to the working class schools described in Anyon’s article. Given the conditions at the national level, there’re a lot of similarities among different schools. The conditions of learning where most students school are similar to those in America’s working class schools. The teachers were always right on what they said and the opportunity to disapprove their theories was inexistent. Students were not only to memorize everything taught by the teachers, but were also to carefully take the notes during class time. There’s therefore no room for questioning what has been taught since it’s assumed that everything taught by teachers is correct. Students are bound to accept everything under the teachers’ control. This often make me relate this to the two kinds of oppression: adultism and ageism. Teachers force everything on students due to their adult identity.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Education: Quality based Vs. Exam based specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion At first, education appears to be something exciting but the conditions turn it into something sad and into a passive way of learning. Education should be aimed at helping students develop creativity, imagination and a practical way of doing things. However, exam-oriented type of education denies the students a chance of developing these aspects during their learning process. On the other hand, western education lays emphasis on the capability of study and aims at nurturing the students’ talents and help them to be of value to the society. It does not only provide them with empty t extbook knowledge. According to the dynamics and societal development, the education system should be modified to reflect this reality since this is a better way of empowering people.

Pricing Strategies and their impact on Revenue Research Paper

Pricing Strategies and their impact on Revenue - Research Paper Example Revenue management has been a practice in the hotel industry for approximately 20 years (Anderson et al., 1994). Good revenue management results from a correlation of pricing and hotel occupancy. The study came to the conclusion that the hotels which maximized their revenue tended to have relatively higher prices and did not engage in price undercutting (Enz & Canina, 2008). Another study found that Asian market consumers did not seem to be influenced by discounts (Lomano, 2008). It may be argued that since these studies were conducted in varying Geographical regions and in different economic circumstances, they may offer practical insights that may be used to determine pricing in the hotel and hospitality industry (Varki & Colgate, 2001). There is however a shortage of research as regards the impact of pricing on individual hotel revenues. Markets have had relatively stable occupancy and a steady growth in revenue since the beginning of the century (O’Neil et al., 2006). The changing dynamics of the market through the provision of advertising through the internet and an increase in supply is certain to lead to increased competition. It is thus important that the hotel industry reevaluate their pricing models to reflect their changing dynamics if they are to maximize their revenue (O’Neil et al, 2006). This paper will study the impact of these changing dynamics on the hotel industry with specific focus on individual hotel case studies and other strategies and economic models. Purpose The defining purpose of this literature review is an analysis of available literature concerning pricing in a market context and how it affects hotel revenue and its management. The review studied the correlation between hotels charging relatively lower prices and client demand for rooms. The review further goes on to analyze literature with regard to the behavior of demand when a particular hotel decides to set higher prices than the competition. The review evaluates the influence of contextual pricing approaches on financial performance of the hotel; whether it is advantageous to charge higher or lower prices than rivals. The review additionally analyzed the response of clients concerning price strategies through the study of relative ADR. The literature review recommendations are made basing on the views of data studied from various journals and from the opinions of experts in the hospitality industry. The significance of customer satisfaction, loyalty, resulting from quality provision of service is linked to pricing and subsequently revenue management. Discussion The concept of revenue management has its roots in the mid 1980s airline industry (Belobaba, 2002). Due to its success in the airline industry it was subsequently adopted by the hospitality industry. Pricing remains an elemental part of revenue management as can be shown by a variety of literature on the subject. Since the concept was adopted from other service industries, its defin ition may tend to be different in each of the perspectives used (Stanford, 2003). Price Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is defined as the quantity of a good or service demanded relative to its price. When Price Elasticity of demand is greater than 1 it means that demand is influenced by prices and vice versa. Strobl et al. (2012) found that the hotel industry’s prices are influenced by demand. During periods of low demand, rooms are discounted and available to all. During periods of high demand, administration would apply revenue management and avail rooms only to customers who would maximize revenue. Revenue

Consider how a currency appreciation might affect national income Essay - 2

Consider how a currency appreciation might affect national income - Essay Example If an economy of a nation presents a favorable environment for investments that are relatively better than other nations, then the nation will experience inflow of capital. With flexible foreign exchange rates, this capital inflow will tend to increase the value of the country’s currency. Factors such as relative product prices, monetary policy, inflation rate differences and income changes influence the appreciation of a country’s currency (LIPSEY & CHRYSTAL, 2011 p 167). The effects of these factors are discussed below: Suppose that the income of major trading of a country increase to a greater margin, there will be greater increase in domestic income which is associated with increased consumption of the imported goods. The nation’s trading partner demand for the local goods will increase; thereby the demand for local currency will exceed quantity supplied hence appreciation. Deflation is always associated with appreciation. Suppose the price levels of a nation’s commodities decreases while that of its trading partner remains the relatively stable. The local goods will seem cheap to foreigners hence increasing the demand for local goods. This will increase the demand for money hence appreciation of the local currency. Countries that implement restrictive monetary policies will be decreasing the supply of their currency hence currency appreciation. The appreciation of a country’s currency is relative to the currencies of its trading partner. Higher rates of interest make it more attractive to save in a nation. This is because there is a better rate of return on saving accounts. Therefore there will be inflow of money in country hence appreciation of the currency. Stronger economic growth tends to cause an appreciation in the forex market. This is so due to the fact that with higher economic growth, there is likelihood that the nation might experience increase in interest rates (DAÃŒ ¨BROWSKI 2001, p 10).

Not deciding yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Not deciding yet - Essay Example In other words, we can also say that the gradual increase in the minimum wage rate will show relatively negative values of the employment rate in the US labor market. The maximum wage rate will result into the highest negative value of the employment rate. These statistics are shown in the research study conducted by the Federal Department, which was conducted to check the implications of the proposal of increase in the minimum wage rate maximum up to $ 9 – 10 / hour. In case of a perfect competition in the market among different firms, all the resources are equally available to all the possible market players. The firms are facing a neck-to-neck competition between each other competitive firm. In this situation, every decision should be taken very carefully because the firm managers will have to compete with many other game players also. Therefore, according to my opinion an increase in the minimum wage rate in case of a perfect competitive market will cause a decrease in the employment rate of that particular labor market. Because if any State or Government is increasing the wage rates then firms or the employers still have other options available to hire the cheap labor from where it is available. In case of a monopolistic competition, all the firms have individual products and services; they are not competing directly with each other just because of the reason that their products are not exactly substitute to each other. In case of a monopoli stic competitive market, the increase the minimum wage rate may also cause an increase in the employment rate just because of the reason that every firm will require certain skills and expertise for their production. They cannot hire any available labor if they are cheap as compare to the home market. The products and services of the firms are not similar to each other therefore; there will be certain set of skills, which is required by any manager of the firm. Therefore, we can predict that in case of a

Impact of Globalisation on Australia

Impact of Globalisation on Australia Table of Contents 1. Title page 2. Table of Contents 3. Introduction 3.1 Map of Australia 4. Social Impacts of Globalisation 4.1 Positives 4.2 Negatives 4.3 The Verdict 5. Political Impacts of Globalisation 5.1 Positives 5.2 Negatives 5.3 The Verdict 6. Economic Impacts of Globalisation 6.1 Positives 6.2Negatives 6.3 The Verdict 7. Environmental impacts of Globalisation 7.1 Positives 7.2 Negatives 7.3 The Verdict 8. Conclusion 9. Bibliography Introduction Globalisation is what runs the modern world now especially with the ever-increasing knowledge and advance in technology connecting the world person to person. With modern technology, two people on different sides of the world can talk to each other with instant messaging. In this way the world grows smaller, quicker and easier to live in. It’s not just technology that influenced globalisation, the current ability to have cheap, quick and easy global trade that has given everyone on Earth something not native to their country. As Australia is a fairly new developed country, it is moving away from being a colonised country, globalisation has helped Australia become a wealthier country. Is Globalisation a good thing for Australia? How has Australia been affected and where? This report answers that question. Figure 1: Social Impacts on Australia Australian society has expanded to the entire world with modern technology and networking. Australians can now communicate to people around the world in an instant using instant messaging and phone calls as well as the increasing number of international Australian citizens. However, what effect does this have on Australia? Positives Australia is a fairly new country and often receives information and trade products latest out of most other countries. However, the invention of internet and network has enabled Australians to receive information and retail quicker as well as speak with people worldwide. Australia is close to 3rd world countries and is a fairly cheap source of refuge and international education, this also makes Australia a place for refugees and international families hoping for a good education for their children. Australia is moving closer to the rest of the modern world. Negatives With Australia slowly becoming more culturally and ethnically diverse, unwanted attention is being brought to Australia. The recent G20 meeting has started protests across the wealthier and poorer countries to stop G20 as it may separate the world and throw the economy off balance as well as raising awareness for world crisis and demanding for public needs. The public has also divided to challenge the governments to allow or ban refugees from entering Australia. When Australia allows refugees to enter Australia, people protests as the refugees may bring diseases, spies and war. When Australia sends refugees back then Australians protest to allow refugees in the country. The Verdict Australia has been mainly positively affected by globalisation in society, particularly in the tourist industry. Australia is one of the most unique countries for its strange geographic structure and wildlife. When tourist and refugees that have gained citizenship have seen the country that is Australia, The tourist and refugees will arrange for their friends and family to travel. Political Impacts on Australia Australian government has strong connections with other nations with official visits and assisting with international and worldwide affairs. Recent Australian government has made Australia a very involved country with the world, involving Australia in many world affairs such as wars, political meetings and attending to crises. Positives Involving Australia internationally was the right choice to make a good image other countries. Assisting in wars, attending casual and business meetings as well as just being there for a handshake has given off the image that Australia is a friendly country and a great continent†¦ Negatives Sometimes the Australian government forgets that there is such a thing as too involved. People have died in assisting international wars, several citizens live in fear of war being brought to Australia through involvement and asylum. G20 has scared off some of the poorer countries and some are taking advantage of the meeting and protesting for the world leaders to serve their needs. The Verdict Currently Australia has good favours with wealthier countries but connections with the poorer countries is rusty or unknown due to involvement. However, the country has benefitted from the government’s decisions, connections made and favours from Britain. Australia is also slowly getting wealthier, only a decade ago, people mainly drove cheap but practical Japanese cars but now expensive and better looking European cars are driving around the streets. Economic Impacts on Australia Australia has been isolated from other continents for billions of years and this has allowed Australia to hid it’s valuables until modern technology found them. Australia is rich in iron and coal and as the country itself doesn’t need it, all the raw materials are sold overseas. However, how much is used here and how much is bought from overseas? Positives Australia’s economy is focused on the mining industry and its exports. Australia exports mainly to countries with low iron, coal and gold deposits such as major Asian countries with fast development and requirement for steel. Modern technology has allowed for a year of mining to travel to overseas countries in less than two weeks by boat and about a week by plane factoring in the travel time from mine to port. Being a top exporter for mining products, this makes Australia a favourite for metal exports, most exports going to China, Japan, Korea and the United States. Apart from mining and gas exports Australian farming, medicinal chemicals and animal food products are bought by other countries and combined with all the other top exported products, Australia makes approximately $249 billion from raw materials. Negatives As Australia is a developed country, everyone is trying to stay up to date with the rest of the world and imports computers, machines, parts and cars which are all new, always updating and very expensive. Cars also need fuel to run on so large imports of crude and refined petroleum are bought in plenty as well as medicine for Australia’s sick and injured. Overall, adding all the top imports together, Australia spends about $240 billion on imports, only about $9 billion of profit. The Verdict Australia spends large amounts of money on imports and leaving a little left for saving. Being a young country means Australia doesn’t have a good economic foundation to build on or much variety to offer. To keep up with the world, much has to be imported mostly computers and many different types of machines, all new and expensive. With $249 billion made from exports and $240 billion spent on imports, quite a lot of the products imported are used and not re-sold. Possibly the only time Australia made the most money was during the gold rush and the start of the microchip age. Environmental Impacts on Australia Australia was an originally isolated country where people lived with and not off of the country until European settlement started and the coasts were over taken with modern technology. Was European settlement really beneficial for Australia? Was the old way of living for the indigenous the better way? Which way is better now? Positives In one way, being a young country is good, the Australia is possibly the least polluted and destroyed major European country. Australia is often choosing the most sustainable options for the country as the wildlife and vegetation native is not found anywhere else and currently, introduction of wildlife and vegetation is taking over much of the original land. Negatives Australia is mostly dusty red desert with dry deep-rooted plants, it is also where most of the most plentiful raw mining materials are. Australia is a country that can relate to District 12 of Panem, a country of miners. The desert of Australia is slowly becoming more unstable with the replacement of short-rooted plants, the dust storms of 2009 were caused by the combination of uprooted plants, bushfires, salinity and holes in the country for mining. People experience low visibility, possible blindness, dusty clothes, machines and houses. The dust was dumped all over Eastern Australia and the surrounding seas and coasts. The Verdict Too much has happened to the country that has not helped, the gold rush, introduction of wildlife and vegetation and general European influence from settlement. The way the indigenous Australians lived was a more peaceful and safe than the modern way of life where the more people rip up the land, the better for the people. Soon there would be nothing left for humans to live on and technology won’t be able to feed us. Conclusion Australia has mostly benefited from globalisation in terms of Social and political, however, the economic and environmental aspects are still in between good and bad†¦ Bibliography Cite This For Me, (2014). Cite This For Me: Automatic bibliography generator. [online] Available at: https://www.citethisforme.com/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Citewrite.qut.edu.au, (2014). QUT cite|write Writing a report. [online] Available at: http://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/write/report.jsp [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. DCosta, A. (2014). Will growth mean more jobs? Not necessarily. [online] ABC News. Available at: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-14/dcosta-g20-should-focus-on-jobs-not-growth/5891308 [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014]. Fisher, M. (2013). A revealing map of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most and least ethnically diverse countries. [online] Washington Post. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/05/16/a-revealing-map-of-the-worlds-most-and-least-ethnically-diverse-countries/ [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014]. Globalization101, (2014). What Is Globalization?. [online] Available at: http://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Green, J., Muller, S., Johnson, D., Danko, M., Barret, T. and Meyer, R. (2014). Globalization II Good or Bad?: Crash Course World History #42. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_iwrt7D5OA [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014]. Green, J., Muller, S., Johnson, D., Danko, M., Meyer, R. and Barret, T. (2014). Globalization I The Upside: Crash Course World History #41. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SnR-e0S6Ic [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014]. IMPACTS, G. (2014). GLOBALIZATION AND ITS SOCIAL-CULTURAL-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/4668865/GLOBALIZATION_AND_ITS_SOCIAL-CULTURAL-POLITICAL_AND_ECONOMIC_IMPACTS [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Investopedia, (2014). How Globalization Affects Developed Countries. [online] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/10/globalization-developed-countries.asp [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Moodle.sjac.qld.edu.au, (2014). [emailprotected]: Login to the site. [online] Available at: https://moodle.sjac.qld.edu.au/moodle/course/view.php?id=718 [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Moodle.sjac.qld.edu.au, (2014). [emailprotected]: Login to the site. [online] Available at: https://moodle.sjac.qld.edu.au/moodle/mod/forum/view.php?id=24840 [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Morin, R. (2013). The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world. [online] Pew Research Center. Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/18/the-most-and-least-culturally-diverse-countries-in-the-world/ [Accessed 25 Nov. 2014]. Um.dk, (2014). What is a Trade Barrier. [online] Available at: http://um.dk/en/tradecouncil/barriers/what-is/ [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014].

Essay --

Certain factors such as symptoms, risk factors, and medical history of the patient help in performing the diagnosis procedure for determining encephalitis. Some diagnostic tests for encephalitis include brain imaging, lumbar puncture, electroencephalogram, secondary lab tests, and brain biopsy. Many physicians often perform brain imaging first when symptoms start to suspect evidence of encephalitis. When brain imaging is conducted, results frequently depict swelling of the brain. The doctor may call for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or computerized tomography (CT) scan. A MRI scan provides cross-sectional images of the body and helps the doctor observe high-resolution pictures of the bones and tissues whereas a CT scan allows the doctor to go more in depth in observing the size, shape, and position of deep structures within the body. In a lumbar puncture, the doctor supplements a needle into the lower back to remove cerebrospinal fluid which is responsible for surrounding the brain. Blood cells and immune system proteins can indicate inflammation and infection in the brain...

Introduction and Purpose Statement Essay

Introduction and Purpose Statement Defined In this week’s assigment, I am turning my attention to article B, to evaluate the introduction and purpose statement. The authors reporting on a qualitative study use the introduction to provide the audience with a narrative to introduce the topic, to identify that the topic is well-established, beginning with the general problem, then focusing on a specific problem and its consequences (Creswell, 2009; Harley, Buckworth, Katz, Willis, Odoms-Young & Heaney, 2007; Laureate Education, Inc., 2009). The authors additionally use the introduction to justify the importance of the problem associated with the topic, identify discrepancies in literature, and conclude with the purpose of the study. The introduction is an important aspect of a journal article, because it not only provides background information, and allows the authors to describe the problem by exploring a specific phenomenon or concept, but it also provides how the study will provide remedies or solutions, and adds to the existing knowledge base (Creswell, 2009; Laureate Education, Inc., 2009; Harley et al., 2007). The introduction concludes with the purpose statement, which establishes the direction of the research, orients readers to the main intent of the study, and what the researchers hope to accomplish (Creswell, 2009). Qualitative research uses the purpose statement to focus on and advance a single phenomenon by exploring relationships or by drawing comparisons among ideas using neutral language. In addition, it demonstrates inquiry strategies for data collection, analysis, and research processes, identifies the participants, and the site at which the research takes place (Creswell, 2009). In the following paragraphs, the introduction and purpose statement elements of the McGrath & Pistrang (2007) article are examined and evaluated, along with some of the nine purposes for research from as described by Newman, Ridenour, Newman & DeMarco (2003). Evaluation of the Introduction of Article B (McGrath & Pistrang (2007) McGrath & Pistrang (2007) begin to introduce the topic of interest in their abstract, by mentioning what the study examined, defining who the participants were, the location where the study took place, data collection methodology, three dimensions of qualitative data collection and analysis, and the issue involved in the topic. As described by Creswell (2009), Dr. Patton (Laureate Education, Inc., 2009), and Harley et al. (2007), the authors begin to justify the study in the first paragraph of the introduction by citing that the topic is a well-established concern, and mention a specific cultural and sub-cultural population, by mentioning that the study took place in the U. K, and involves youth and staff at homeless hostels. McGrath & Pistrang (2007) explore the past extent of the problem, along with how it has changed in recent times, giving statistics outlining the extent of the problem. The authors then identify past research that has identified youths at homeless hostels as being at greater risk for social, emotional, and physical problems to a much greater extent than other people in the same age group. The authors narrow the problem by asserting that homeless youth living in hostels lack of supportive social networks to help improve their experiences, and address the difficulties associated with defining whether their problems are causes or consequences of being homeless youths. McGrath & Pistrang (2007) maintain that previous authors recommended that hostels hire older staff to establish or offer youth surrogate parent relationships, and address a specific discrepancy as failure to expand on how the relationship would work, offering no theoretical model for programs to follow for working with homeless youth. Furthermore, they examine specific staff helper elements of warmth, empathy, and acceptance as important issues to address, which contribute to the quality of the relationship between hostel workers and homeless youth. The authors define the relationship between homeless youth and hostel workers as the broad investigation and aim of the study, the areas and aspects of the hostels, the range of time youth spend at hostels, and the types of support youth and staff required so that the programs are beneficial. They indicate that staff members often have little training or education regarding their role, or how to effectively work with, and support the needs of homeless youth. Their introduction concludes by describing the purpose statement and research methodology, described next. Research Purposes as Described by Newman et al. (2003) Newman et al. (2003) describe nine elements, which may be included in the purpose statement. Adding to the existing knowledge base, the impact on a personal, social, and organizational level, understanding complex phenomena, generating new ideas, informing constituencies, and examining the past all seem to be relatively important features in the McGrath & Pistrang (2007) article. The authors are attempting to add to the existing knowledge base by describing the aim of the study as examining the experiences and elements involved in the relationship between residents and hostel workers, based upon the perceptions of the residents. They provide the direction of the study, by indicating why it was qualitative, which justifies the research. McGrath & Pistrang (2007) mention using a phenomenological approach, which is used to enlighten the audience to the specific issue of the nature of the relationship between homeless youth and hostel workers. They identify the phenomena as having three helping or supportive elements of warmth, empathy, and acceptance on behalf of the staff, based upon the perceptions of the residents. Therefore, they are including the impact of these elements on the residents on a personal, social, and organizational level to explain the complexities involved in the phenomena, and to inform constituencies (Newman et al., 2003). McGrath & Pistrang (2007) examine the past in order to interpret and reinterpret findings, examine discrepancies and consistencies, and examine social and historical origins of the current social issue. The authors accomplish this by mentioning that there has been little research focusing on the psychological issues related to the experiences of homeless individuals, and the need to study the issue in a social context. Their phenomenological method of inquiry justifies the aim of the study, which was to obtain accounts of the experiences of the homeless youth, and the emotional, empathetic, and acceptance levels of staff to improve upon services, as to make programs more beneficial. The three dimensions of emotional, empathetic, and acceptance levels of hostel staff generate new ideas, helped the researchers form the hypothesis and theory, and to describe and define relationships, along with culture and sub-culture. For example, the authors define the relationship between residents and hostel workers on the three dimensions, and they describe the U. K. as a specific general culture, and the sub-cultures as the homeless youth and hostel workers as the participants of the study. The two sub-cultures exist within  the larger cultural population, as homeless youth living in two different types of hostels, and the work sub-culture described as the uneducated or undertrained staff members at the two types of hostels (McGrath & Pistrang, 2007). The general culture, along with the two sub-cultures are used in order to describe why the specific methodology of interviewing residents was utilized, further justifying why they conducted the research, the studies aim, and strategies for improving conditions. In conclusion, there is a great deal more to say about the McGrath & Pistrang (2007) article, but overall, I found many of the key elements included in the introduction, described by Dr. Patton (Laureate Education, Inc., 2009), Creswell (2009), and Harley et al. (2009). I was also able to identify several of the nine features of the purpose statement, as proposed by Newman et al. (2003), found in the way that McGrath & Pistrang (2007) addressed the purpose of the study. Examining and evaluating the writing of these authors gave me an opportunity to gain a much greater understanding of the key elements and concepts regarding the nature and importance of the introduction and purpose statements. References Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Harley, A. E., Buckworth, J., Katz, M. L., Willis, S. K., Odoms-Young, & Heaney, C. A. (2007). Developing long-term physical activity participation: A grounded theory study with African American women. Health Education & Behavior, doi:10.1177/1090198107306434 Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2009). Purposes of Research. Baltimore: Author. McGrath, L., & Pistrang, N. (2007). Policeman or friend? Dilemmas in working with homeless young people in the United Kingdom. Journal of Social Issues, 63(3), 589-606. doi 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00525.x Newman, I., Ridenour, C. S., Newman, C., & DeMarco, G. M. P. (2003). A typology of research purposes and its relationship to mixed methods. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 167-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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A…Ÿadar ca in majoritatea operelor sale dramatice si epice, obsedat de condiÂ…Â £ia intelectualului vremii, apelÂÆ' ¢nd constant la propria experienÂ…Â £a, Camil Petrescu procedeaz„ÂÆ' conform principiului enunÂ…Â £at de Henrik Ibsen, conform c„ÂÆ'ruia: "creaÂ…Â £ia mea este rezultatul st„ÂÆ'rii mele de spirit si al zilelor mele morale" si aidoma acestuia, Camil Petrescu si eroii pieselor sale sunt dominaÂ…Â £i de setea de absolut, de adev„ÂÆ'r si echitate, de justiÂ…Â £ie si dragoste.Silhoutte of Marichen Ibsen (1799-1869) as a young...Prieten cu Maria Sinesti, soÂ…Â £ia ministrului de justiÂ…Â £ie, Gelu Ruscanu afla dintr-o scrisoare a acesteia c„ÂÆ'tre el ca Saru Sinesti a omorÂÆ' ¢t o b„ÂÆ'trÂÆ' ¢na penru a intra mai repede in posesia averii sale. Decis sa publice scrisoarea indiferent de consecinÂ…Â £e (publicarea scrisorii ar compromite-o pe Maria), Ruscanu, intre timp, afla ca tat„ÂÆ'l sau, Grigore Ruscanu nu a murit, dup„ÂÆ' cum …Ÿtia el, in u rma unui accident, ci se sinucisese pentru o actriÂ…Â £a oarecare, fapt cunoscut de Saru Sinesti. ÂÆ'ÂŽncep tranzacÂ…Â £iile: in schimbul t„ÂÆ'cerii Sinesti ii propune eliberarea din ÂÆ' ®nchisoare a muncitorului Petre Boruga (grav bolnav); Praida ii cere sa accepte propunerea , dar acceptarea ar ÂÆ' ®nsemna abandonarea principiilor morale, chiar daca ea ar fii in sprijinul mi…Ÿc„ÂÆ'rii socialiste si ministrul ar continua sa funcÂ…Â £ioneze in pofida crimei odioase s„ÂÆ'vÂÆ' ¢r…Ÿite.Se na…Ÿte dilema: daca accepta tranzacÂ…Â £ia propusa devine complice "viata nu merita tr„ÂÆ'it„ÂÆ' cu un astfel de preÂ…Â £", daca ÂÆ' ®ncearc„ÂÆ' sa schimbe ceva, compromiterea ministrului, s-ar putea ca totul sa r„ÂÆ'mÂÆ' ¢n„ÂÆ' cum a fost , imorala sa fie neclintita, injustiÂ…Â £ia sa se perpetueze.In consecinÂ…Â £Ã‚„ÂÆ', intrat in mreaja nedumeririlor si a ÂÆ' ®ntreb„ÂÆ'rilor f„à ‚Æ'r„ÂÆ' r„ÂÆ'spuns, inapt sa g„ÂÆ'seasc„ÂÆ' o rezolvare, sa fac„ÂÆ' o concesie, sfÂÆ' ¢r…Ÿe…Ÿte iremediabil prin moarte: "Lumea asta din care iÂ…Â £i tragi hrana este atÂÆ' ¢t de abjecta ÂÆ' ®ncÂÆ' ¢t nu te accepta si nu te tolereaz„ÂÆ' decÂÆ' ¢t cu preÂ…Â £ul complicit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii?"Argumentul Mariei: "Nimic nu se ÂÆ' ®ntÂÆ' ¢mpla in lumea asta cum vrem noi... nimic nu are culorile pe care credem noi ca le are". Dar dÂÆ' ¢nd in vileag tainele ce le deÂ…Â £ine, Gelu Ruscanu ar lovi in primul rÂÆ' ¢nd in Maria, care ar deveni prada opiniei publice si ar lovi exact pe aceea pe care o iubise.Ceea ce-i spune Penciulescu l-ar putea dumiri: "ToÂ…Â £i sunt pe rÂÆ' ¢nd victime si calai. ToÂ…Â £i sunt legaÂ…Â £i intre ei, toÂ…Â £i sunt daca nu frate, veri, ori au stat pe aceea…Ÿi strada, sau au ÂÆ' ®nv„ÂÆ'Â…Â £at la aceea…Ÿi scoal„ÂÆ'..."In fata unei at are situaÂ…Â £ii, Gelu se ÂÆ' ®ntreab„ÂÆ' pe buna dreptate "Adic„ÂÆ' sa acoperim f„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ'delegile trecute cu una noua?" . F„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ' sa-si poat„ÂÆ' r„ÂÆ'spunde nici lui, nici celorlalÂ…Â £i , ÂÆ' ®ncepe sa se chinuie, sa se fr„ÂÆ'mÂÆ' ¢nte in disperare. El nu poate accepta ideea ca adev„ÂÆ'rul nu se ÂÆ' ®nf„ÂÆ'Â…Â £i…Ÿeaz„ÂÆ' niciodat„ÂÆ' pe de-a-ntregul , alb sau negru, nici complet pur, nici complet corupt. In consecinÂ…Â £a el spune : "Totul in lume este coruptibil... nimic nu e ÂÆ' ®ntreg si frumos... si nici nu poate deveni... toate se ÂÆ' ®mplinesc numai pana la o palma de p„ÂÆ'mÂÆ' ¢nt."Gelu Ruscanu militeaz„ÂÆ' pentru dreptate si justiÂ…Â £ie absoluta. El contesta lipsa de obiectivitate a legilor ce guverneaz„ÂÆ' in societate si o guverneaz„ÂÆ' pe aceasta.De…Ÿi drama este una individual„ÂÆ', a intelectualului tulburat de constrÃ‚Æ ' ¢ngerile morale ale societ„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii, ea se extinde treptat …Ÿi asupra celorlalte personaje, apropiate acestuia.ÂÆ'ÂŽn contextul acÂ…Â £iunii dramei, apariÂ…Â £ia Mariei Sine…Ÿti, iubita de alt„ÂÆ'dat„ÂÆ', nu schimb„ÂÆ' cu nimic traiectoria personajului principal, de…Ÿi aceasta este femeia pe care o iubise cu patim„ÂÆ'. Ea este acum o necunoscut„ÂÆ', o str„ÂÆ'in„ÂÆ' cu care nu mai poate rezona afectiv …Ÿi moral. ÂÆ'ÂŽntÂÆ' ¢lnirea celor doi se produce prea tÂÆ' ¢rziu ca s„ÂÆ' mai aib„ÂÆ' un efect revigorant. Maria este …Ÿi ea o halucinat„ÂÆ', o exaltat„ÂÆ' care ÂÆ' ®Ã‚…Ÿi tr„ÂÆ'ie…Ÿte prezentul deprimant cu gÂÆ' ¢ndul la trecut, pentru ea, unul dintre cele mai importante lucruri fiind acum dac„ÂÆ' Gelu a iubit-o cu adev„ÂÆ'rat.Maria Sine…Ÿti se ÂÆ' ®ncadreaz„ÂÆ' prototipului personajului feminin camilpetrescian. C aracterizarea ei pe parcursul piesei este realizat„ÂÆ' prin apelul la modalit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £i de caracterizare diverse. ÂÆ'ÂŽn primul rÂÆ' ¢nd, prin caracterizarea direct„ÂÆ', realizat„ÂÆ' de autor prin intermediul didascaliilor, personajul apare ca fiind o fiinÂ…Â £Ã‚„ÂÆ' "de o frumuseÂ…Â £e tulbur„ÂÆ'toare, mistuit„ÂÆ' de secrete grele", "hiperemotiv„ÂÆ', cu o imaginaÂ…Â £ie dezordonat„ÂÆ'", "prada tuturor obsesiilor, cu dorinÂ…Â £e neÂÆ' ®mp„ÂÆ'cate, deviate." Prin procedeul caracteriz„ÂÆ'rii indirecte, din acÂ…Â £iuni …Ÿi atitudini exprimate sau sugerate de personaj, Maria se dovede…Ÿte a fi frivol„ÂÆ', nestatornic„ÂÆ', (la fel ca …Ÿi Ela Gheorghidiu ) …Ÿi nu poate ÂÆ' ®nÂ…Â £elege zbuciumul interior al b„ÂÆ'rbatului iubit. Slab„ÂÆ' …Ÿi puternic„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n acela…Ÿi timp, fatal„ÂÆ', misterioas„ÂÆ', imprevizibil„ ÂÆ', ea se autocaracterizeaz„ÂÆ' pornind de la motivul dublului, motiv pe baza c„ÂÆ'ruia este construit„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n fapt, ÂÆ' ®ntreaga pies„ÂÆ': "GÂÆ' ¢ndesc uneori c„ÂÆ' sunt ÂÆ' ®n mine dou„ÂÆ' fiinÂ…Â £e: una josnic„ÂÆ', m„ÂÆ'rginit„ÂÆ' …Ÿi la…Ÿ„ÂÆ', care a primit s„ÂÆ' i se dea de b„ÂÆ'rbat un om pe care nu-l iubea [...] …Ÿi alta care sufer„ÂÆ', care plÂÆ' ¢nge...care sÂÆ' ¢ngereaz„ÂÆ' pentru toate josniciile celelalte."Toate celelalte personaje ale dramei contribuie la evoluÂ…Â £ia personajului principal, sugerÂÆ' ¢ndu-i acestuia o serie de antinomii ale gÂÆ' ¢ndirii.Maria Sine…Ÿti se afl„ÂÆ', la nivel simbolic, ÂÆ' ®ntr-un raport complex cu personajul principal. Acesta din urm„ÂÆ' este pus s„ÂÆ' aleag„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®ntre a crede sau nu ÂÆ' ®n dragostea Mariei, care, surprins„ÂÆ' odinioar„ÂÆ' de acesta rÂÆ' ¢zÂÆ'à ‚ ¢nd complice cu un str„ÂÆ'in ÂÆ' ®n biblioteca unchiului s„ÂÆ'u …Ÿi p„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ'sit„ÂÆ' de el f„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ' nici o explicaÂ…Â £ie, …Ÿi-a luat revan…Ÿa cea mai stupid„ÂÆ' …Ÿi la ÂÆ' ®ndemÂÆ' ¢n„ÂÆ', ÂÆ' ®n…ŸelÂÆ' ¢ndu-l pe Gelu. Tehnica dramaturgului este aici de pune mereu sub semnul ÂÆ' ®ndoielii sinceritatea femeii. Gelu ÂÆ' ®nsu…Ÿi nu este sigur de valoarea juridic probat„ÂÆ' a unei scrisori de dragoste concepute de o femeie cu sufletul ÂÆ' ®ncrÂÆ' ¢ncenat de ur„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®mpotriva soÂ…Â £ului, care a decepÂ…Â £ionat-o …Ÿi pe care l-a ÂÆ' ®n…Ÿelat. ÂÆ'ÂŽntrebat ÂÆ' ®n ce m„ÂÆ'sur„ÂÆ' Maria l-a iubit cu adev„ÂÆ'rat, Gelu r„ÂÆ'spunde: "Cred c„ÂÆ' mai degrab„ÂÆ' l-a urÂÆ' ¢t pe el".De fapt, valoarea simbolic„ÂÆ' a personajului Maria Sine…Ÿti se rezum„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n pies„ÂÆ', pe lÂÆ' ¢ng„ÂÆ' ipostaziere a feminit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii, la conturarea iubirii ca act existenÂ…Â £ial definitiv : "O iubire adev„ÂÆ'rat„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®nseamn„ÂÆ' c„ÂÆ' nu poÂ…Â £i gÂÆ' ¢ndi contrariul ei...O iubire, care nu este etern„ÂÆ', nu este nimic...".Dramei intelectuale a lui Gelu Ruscanu i se adaug„ÂÆ' a…Ÿadar, prin intermediul prezenÂ…Â £ei ÂÆ' ®n pies„ÂÆ' a Mariei Sine…Ÿti, o dram„ÂÆ' afectiv„ÂÆ', datorat„ÂÆ' imposibilit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii de a accepta sau respinge vinov„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ia unei femei pe care, iubind-o, el ÂÆ' ®nsu…Ÿi a ÂÆ' ®mpins-o spre minciun„ÂÆ' …Ÿi adulter, dar ale c„ÂÆ'rei erori reale sau numai b„ÂÆ'nuite, b„ÂÆ'rbatul nu le poate tolera, nici uita. Ea reprezint„ÂÆ' erosul dramatic …Ÿi dramatizat, este unul dintre personajele cu ajutorul c„ÂÆ'ruia Gelu "a v„ÂÆ'zut idei" …Ÿi a avut revelaÂ…Â £iile devastatoare ale inadaptabilit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii. Rolul ei este a…Ÿadar nu atÂÆ' ¢t al unui personaj tulburat ÂÆ' ®n aceea…Ÿi m„ÂÆ'sur„ÂÆ' ca …Ÿi intelectualul Gelu Ruscanu, cÂÆ' ¢t mai ales unul de convergenÂ…Â £Ã‚„ÂÆ' cu destinul acestuia. InfluenÂ…Â £a Mariei asupra dramei lui Gelu nu este una asumat„ÂÆ', ci una dobÂÆ' ¢ndit„ÂÆ' prin intermediul spiritul analitic al personajului principal.Structura de profunzime a personajelor din Jocul ielelor, a…Ÿadar …Ÿi a Mariei Sine…Ÿti, se va reg„ÂÆ'si, ÂÆ' ®n contexte diferite …Ÿi la alte personaje din opera scriitorului (Alta Gralla , Ela Gheorghidiu, etc. ).Din punct de vedere al tehnicii teatrale, piesa lui Camil Petrescu ridic„ÂÆ' reale dificult„ÂÆ'Â…Â £i de reprezentare scenic„ÂÆ', deoarece "dramaturgul ÂÆ' ®ncerc„ÂÆ' s„ÂÆ' exprime ÂÆ' ®n planul concret al spaÂ…Â £iului scenei mutaÂ…Â £ iile de ordin l„ÂÆ'untric ale unei con…ŸtiinÂ…Â £e, deci o lume ideal„ÂÆ', abstract„ÂÆ'."Autorul ÂÆ' ®nsu…Ÿi vorbe…Ÿte despre complexitatea spectacolului dramatic, ca …Ÿi de dificultatea reprezentare a unor personaje (la fel cum sunt …Ÿi Gelu Ruscanu …Ÿi Maria Sine…Ÿti), ÂÆ' ®n teza de doctorat publicat„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n 1937, Modalitatea estetic„ÂÆ' a teatrului.Bibliografie:Opere:1. Petrescu, Camil, Jocul ielelor, Ed. Minerva, Bucure…Ÿti, 19762. Petrescu, Camil, Act veneÂ…Â £ian, Ed. Minerva, Bucure…Ÿti, 19833. Petrescu , Camil, Ultima noapte de dragoste, ÂÆ' ®ntÂÆ' ¢ia noapte de r„ÂÆ'zboi, Ed. Gramar, Bucure…Ÿti, 19984. Petrescu, Camil, Modalitatea estetic„ÂÆ' a teatrului, Ed. Enciclopedic„ÂÆ', Bucure…Ÿti, 1971Critic„ÂÆ':1. Ghidirmic, Ovidiu, Camil Petrescu sau patosul lucidit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii, Ed. Scrisul romÂÆ' ¢nesc, Craiova, 19752. Pal eologu, Al., Spiritul …Ÿi opera, Ed, Eminescu, Bucure…Ÿti 19703. Zaharia Filipa…Ÿ, Elena, Retoric„ÂÆ' …Ÿi semnificaÂ…Â £ie, Ed. Paideia, bucure…Ÿti, 1993

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